Possibilities of Increased Communication & Collaboration Through the Use of Digital Tools – EDCI 572 April 19th Blog Post #6

 

 

 

 

Digital tools have provided increased learning possibilities, including both communication and collaboration opportunities. The following video I have created will outline: 

        • What digital tools are, 
        • Examples of digital tools that can enhance learning, communication and collaboration,  
        • How digital tools extend learning beyond the classroom,  
        • How our final Master’s project promotes communication and collaboration amongst students and others outside of our learning context with the use of digital tools.  

Please make sure to have your sound on.

By Deirdre Houghton

References

Teach with digital technologies. (n.d.). Department of Education and Training Victoria. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/digital/Pages/teach.aspx

Unsplash. (2019). Beautiful Free Images & Pictures | Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/

 

My Connection To Makerspaces – EDCI 572 Blog Post #4

The concept of Makerspaces is relatively new to me, especially in a secondary school setting.  After our class webinar on the aforementioned subject, and after I had time to think about how I could implement it into my own classroom, I began to realize how our district’s Career’s Department implements some of the concepts of Makerspaces into its career projects. The following slideshow will highlight the various career projects, that are run throughout the year, and how they employ a Makerspace style of engagement and learning.

Although the District Career Department’s projects do not follow the concept of Makerspaces in the classroom, in the traditional sense, they do afford many concepts of Makerspaces to each individual in a real-world setting.

By Deirdre Houghton

Bibliography

Unsplash. (2013). Beautiful Free Images & Pictures | Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/

Designing Curricular Activities: EDCI – 572 Blog #4 March 28, 2020

May your trails be crooked, winding, lonesome, dangerous, leading to the most amazing view. May your mountains rise into and above the clouds.” Edward Abbey

INTRODUCTION:

The above quote resonates with me as I reflect on the professional challenges that lay ahead in terms of providing educational opportunities to my current learners. I feel as though I am on an unknown trail. I am not sure which direction I am going, what obstacles and their difficulty lay ahead, what equipment may be necessary to assist in overcoming hurdles, and where the trail will finally end. Although I may feel intimidated by the unknown challenges, I recognize that this journey will enable me to develop new strengths and skills while working towards the ultimate goal of facilitating in my students’ learning successes (metaphorically reaching the summit).  

IDENTIFYING LEARNER EDUCATION ACCESSIBILITY:

In terms of how, exactly, I will be providing educational opportunities and support to students, thereby facilitating their learning, is unknown at this time.  Suffice to say, that is my “wicked problem”(Buchanan, 1992, p. 14). Given the demographics of our school community, there must be more than one design plan or option made available to honour accessibility for all learners, while at the same time supporting their critical thinking skills and learning growth overall. Designs chosen to assist learners, according to Richard Buchanan, must “…integrate knowledge in new ways, suited to specific circumstances and needs” (Buchanan, 1992, p. 19). Therefore, when thinking of my classes, I have identified three groups of learners I must consider, including when designing course material.

Consequently, it is essential to provide options to learners that will support them in their learning endeavours, based on the learning provisions they have available to them, outside of the regular classroom setting. 

For those students (GROUP A) with computer and internet access, there are a variety of ways they can demonstrate their learning, critical thinking skills and reflecting, including but not limited to creating My Blueprint portfolios, Prezi, PowerPoint, and Adobe Spark.  Using these digital literacies will enable students to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding in a variety of formats that involve critical thinking skills. Furthermore, the skills used to create and complete assignments digitally, connect to the learning outcomes listed in the BC Digital Literacies Framework. For example the learner: 

      • Locates, organizes, analyzes, evaluates, synthesizes and ethically uses information from a variety of sources and media. (Gr. 10-12)
      • Integrates, compares and puts together different types of information related to multimodal content. (Gr. 10-12)
      • Creates complex models and simulations of the real world using digital information. (Gr. 10-12)

Lastly, for those learners with computer/internet access, it will be easy for me to provide quick feedback and online assistance through email.  

For students without internet access, (GROUP B) it will be more challenging to support them in their learning, however not impossible. Although these learners may be more restricted to traditional methods, which involves picking up and dropping off a paper-based learning package from the school, they can still complete assignments that support both their learning and the development of their critical thinking skills. For example, learners can create posters, written personal responses or reflections, timelines, flow-charts, diaries, 3-D creations and pamphlets to demonstrate specific concepts. Unfortunately, these learners will not have access to rapid feedback like those in the previously mentioned group. Communication may exist in the form of a phone call to them or if allowed, a brief meeting/tutorial at school. 

The third group of learners (GROUP C), will follow a similar in learning design to the second group (GROUP B), where they would also complete a paper-based learning package; however, the difference being that they would not come to the school to pick it up or drop it off. This group of learners includes those that are regularly bussed in and out on a daily basis, and may not have the support at home to provide transportation to come into the school to pick up and/or drop off work. As busses will likely not be running, there is a chance that educational packages will have to be taken from our school, by a designated individual, to a particular location where families can come, and pick up and/or drop off materials on specific dates, such as once a week.

MY CONNECTION TO BUCHANAN’S ARTICLE:

Upon reading Buchanan’s article, I was able to connect my three groups of learners, based on their learning accessibility, to the four levels of design which included: Symbolic and Visual Communication, Material Objects, Activities and Organized Services, and Complex Systems & Environments for Living, Working, Playing and Learning. (Buchanan, p. 9 & 10). Although assignments and delivery will vary in the design format between each of my learner groups, the end goal, being that of learner success in understanding and demonstrating knowledge around specific content, will remain the same.

Connection Between the Four Levels of Design and My Learning Groups

4 LEVELS OF DESIGN GROUP A GROUP B GROUP C
SYMBOLIC & VISUAL COMMUNICATION Education completed via online activities with online communication with the teacher. Paper-based packages will be created for students with teacher-written instruction. Paper-based packages will be created for students with teacher-written instruction.
MATERIAL OBJECTS Textbook, computer and internet access. Textbook and teacher created work packages. Textbook and teacher created work packages.
ACTIVITIES & ORGANIZED SERVICES Prezi, PowerPoint, MyBlueprint, Google slides, Google share docs, & Photoshop. 

Feedback via email and or phone. 

Students are responsible for electronically submitting assignments by the assigned date.

*Assignments in this group also connect to the BC Digital Framework.

Complete various types of critical thinking assignments that can be supported through a variety of methods such as written/built projects.  

Students are  responsible for picking up and dropping off packages by assigned due dates

Communication via phone.

Complete various types of critical thinking assignments that can be supported through a variety of methods such as written/built projects.  

Packages will be delivered to a specific location for drop off/pick up. Students are responsible for making sure assignments are completed by the assigned date.

COMPLEX SYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENTS Continue to develop and provide greater only support to access subject material easily Continue to create work packages and provide easy access at school for students to drop off/pick up if they do not have internet access at home. Continue to create work packages and work with an outside agency, such as an Education Director to deliver/pick up packages directly to/from students without the internet or accessibility to come to school to pick up packages themselves.

CONCLUSION: 

Regardless of the method of educational support, my learners will be receiving, I recognize it will not be seamless. It will be a huge accomplishment for all.  Furthermore, it will be essential for me to consider individual challenges with technology, including limited usage or time constraints, as other family members may need to access the computer for their courses as well.  For all learners, it is essential for me to remember that they will be taking on challenges from many courses at once, and working in diverse learning environments.  

Clearly, navigating this new winding trail of education design and delivery will be a challenge. However,  it is a challenge I believe is worth taking on, and one that can be met. 

By: Deirdre Houghton March 28, 2020 

References 

101 inspirational mountain quotes about epic journeys. (2020, February 3). The Broke Backpacker. https://www.thebrokebackpacker.com/best-mountain-quotes/

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (1992). MIT – Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://web.mit.edu/jrankin/www/engin_as_lib_art/Design_thinking

https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/kindergarten-to-grade-12/teach/teaching-tools/digital-literacy-framework

Online Learning: At An Impasse EDCI-572 Blog Post #3

 

Introduction:

(Photo on Unsplash by Ben Owen).

After having time to reflect on this past week’s sudden and unprecedented changes to the education system, specifically the indefinite closure of schools, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, I am having a difficult time grappling the challenges that lay ahead. I am constantly wondering how this situation may be an impasse in halting one’s learning journey. Indeed this anomalous situation is perplexing, both personally and professionally.

Admittingly, I completely understand the reasoning and necessity behind the swift closures and respect the installation measures put in place for the safety of us all. This experience, when compared with my previous hiking/trail running metaphors, is much like enjoying scenic trails, then, suddenly, around the next corner, unbeknownst, is a mother black bear and her cubs. Clearly this situation, much like the school closures, stops one in their tracks. It is these unforeseen events that force us, as educators, to accept challenges, make changes successfully work through the hurdles and support our learners.

Personal Struggle: 

In regards to my personal struggle around school closures, although frustrating, they are very insignificant compared to the struggles that others around the world and indeed our country are enduring at this time. The closures, however, remind me of the frustrations that some learners may have with not having a connection to the internet to support their own learning needs. 

Last week, our little cohort of three in Fort St. James spent a great deal of time collaborating and completing tasks associated with our EDCI-572 project. We gratefully took advantage of many of the digital tools we have access to in our school. Then, suddenly, we were notified that all staff, district-wide, would be permanently locked out of the school over the course of spring break so decontaminating processes could be completed. This notice quickly put us into overdrive to complete as much work as possible, in a short period of time. No longer would we be able to meet as a group on our regular Tuesday nights for our online class or meet at designated times at school to discuss our progress and what our next steps would be. In short, our spring break masters’ meeting schedule was stopped, and our present learning journey is forced to take a different path. Initially, my panic button or alarm sounded as I started to think about the internet access I have at home, which is spotty at best (hence the need to work at school). Upon quick discussions and multiple texts, we have come up with a few plans, not limited to sitting in the school parking lot with a laptop, to access the internet. Although these challenges have forced us to make quick changes so that our learning journey can continue, it has forced me to think (and worry), professionally, about the learning journey that our learners will be heading out on and the challenges they may face.

Professional Struggle:  

Professionally, like other educators at this time, I am constantly asking myself questions. Where do we go from here? Now What? Sure we can make up or provide access to online assignments for students, but what about those learners that have a poor internet connection at home, thus leading to growing learner frustration and overall shut down. Then there are also the learners who have neither a computer at home, never mind internet access, and they also do not have parental support for their learning. These learners are the ones that depend on the school community for their learning accessibility and support. I am cognizant of the fact that many of our students live in remote or outline areas, thus bussed into school daily; I wonder if their lack of accessibility to online learning will facilitate in a “shut-down” of sorts in their desire to continue to learn. Have they in their minds checked out and consider school done for the year? Will they be able to make changes that will enable them to meet some challenges in continuing their learning journey?

Conclusion: 

(Photo on Unsplash by Nikita Kachanovsky)

In spite of the fact that there are many online courses and digital supports available to support one’s learning, this unprecedented world situation has made me realize just how fragile online learning connections can be for some learners, especially outside of the school environment. I recognize there is not an easy answer to this situation for any educator. This current impasse will involve various creative and innovative strategies to meet and support the needs of our diverse learners to enable them to continue with their learning journey.

By Deirdre Houghton, March 22, 2020

Guiding Students Along the Mountain Path of Digital Literacy – EDCI #572 Blog 2 (Assignment 1A To Be Marked)

Photo by Heidi Finn on Unsplash

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction: 

As I ascend the mountain, of digital learning, I am reminded of the plethora of possibilities that digital literacies can provide learners to facilitate and enhance their learning experiences, both now and in their future. Gone are the days where one simply learned skills through a textbook, pencil and paper. Today it is essential for learners to be competent in their digital skills, being aware of their digital footprint, communicate and problem solve using a variety of digital platforms. Digital literacies enable learners to become increasingly creative, innovative and empowered in their own learning. As an educator, I am keenly aware of the necessity of learners to have strong digital literacy skills that can support them successfully in the 21st century. I also recognize that as demands and education pedagogy changes, I too must work on taking further steps, no matter how challenging the trail may be, to continue developing my own digital learning skills to support my learners in their learning processes.   

The What, When, and Why of BC’s Digital Literacy Framework:

Tim Winklemans, a member of BC’s Ministry of Education, recently presented BC’s Digital Literacy Framework,  to our EDCI- 572 class, which was created in 2015, for the purpose of providing educators with “ an overview of the digital literacy skills and strategies.” scarfedigitalsandbox.teach.educ.ubc.ca The skills highlighted in the document were to serve as a guide for BC educators to follow and integrate into the K-12 curriculum, thereby facilitating “the types of knowledge and skills that learners need in order to be successful in today’s technological world.”scarfedigital sandbox.teach.educ.ubc.ca. The provincial government at the time created a campaign that focussed on making learners’ technology skills highly developed and ready for the digital demands in both post-secondary and the working world. The document itself was designed from basic digital knowledge, as set forth by the National Education Technology Standards for learners, now known by the name International Society of Technology in Education or ISTE. The Ministry’s document describes digital literacy as the “interest, attitude and ability of individuals to use the digital technology tools appropriately.” www2.gov.bc.ca Furthermore, it identifies that digital literacy “takes learning beyond standard tests and enables learning that embraces digital spaces, content… resources and emphasizes that the process of learning is as important as the end product.” www2.gov.bc.ca As an educator, I concur with this last statement. Much like my mountain climbing metaphor, it is the invaluable experiences between the base and the summit, that lead you to your final destination.

The Ministry’s Digital Literacy Framework focuses on six categories and provides each category with respective learning outcomes, to be implemented within the BC K-12 curriculum. The specific areas of focus include Research Information Literacy; Critical Thinking, Problem Solving and Decision Making; Creativity and Innovation; Digital Citizenship; Communication and Collaboration; and Technology operations and Concepts. Although the document is detailed and provides clear learning outcomes, there were some areas of downfall, that as an educator, I noticed. Five specific areas that stood out to me, include 1) not all grades were listed in the sub-topics, in fact, some were left out, 2) there were no connections to any pre-Kindergarten education (or early childhood education) or the roles those educators could or already do support, 3) there was no specific connection to First Nations Curriculum or distinction around cultural traditions that may have not been ordinarily associated with technology, 4) there was no discussion or information given with respect to supporting the digital learning development of learners with special needs, and lastly, 5) there was no discussion around the fact that not every educator and learner has equal access and or support to technology learning tools. Furthermore, I thought that the physical layout could have been improved upon, by categorizing topic headings and outcomes by grade level, in addition to including exemplars to make the document more streamlined and user-friendly. Although the document does provide a wide range of skills, I do think the missing information could have been addressed, thereby making the document more encompassing, comprehensive and inclusive.  

My Connection to BC’s Literacy Framework: 

In spite of some of the areas I felt that the framework was lacking, it pushed me to think of how I could connect to it professionally and how I could use it to develop my own skills to enhance my teaching practices. More specifically, I concentrated on how it could sync with the expectations within my final master’s project, which I will be completing with my colleagues Andrew Vogelsang and Gary Soles. The focus of our project includes the examination of cross-curricular inquiry within a co-teaching environment and the incorporation of technology, to increase student motivation. Upon brainstorming with my partners, we co-created the chart below highlighting the connections we made with the BC Digital Learning Framework. We included the six categories and their corresponding grade-specific learning outcomes and added the activities learners will be completing to master the learning outcomes. 

Upon completion of our chart, we can clearly deduce that our project meets the digital requirements as set forth by the BC Ministry of Education in their Digital Literacy Framework documentation. Furthermore, it acts as a guide that can be used to encourage the implementation of various digital skills and technology to enhance learning in general.

BC Digital Literacy Framework Learning Outcome Student Activity
Research and Information Literacy
  • Locates, organizes, analyzes, evaluates, synthesizes and ethically uses information from a variety of sources and media. (Gr. 10-12)
  • Integrates, compares and puts together different types of information related to multimodal content. (Gr. 10-12)
  • Understands the different purposes and contexts of digital image editing. (Gr. 10-12)
  • Integrates, compares and puts together different types of information related to multimodal content. (Gr. 10-12) 
  • Structures, classifies, and organizes digital information/content according to a certain classification schemes or genres. (Gr. 10-12)
  • Learners complete an Inquiry Project on Truth and Reconciliation using various research sources (website/articles). 
  • Upon completion of Inquiry, learners create a hand-drawn motif on paper (via knowledge from inquiry project), then transfer their design to Adobe Software then finally to Aspire
  • Learners will then transfer their files via memory stick to the carpentry shop to upload the G-Code to the computer numerically controlled router (CNC machine). 
Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, and Decision Making
  • Creates complex models and simulations of the real world using digital information. (Gr. 10-12)
  • Can program ranging from using block building code tools to a high-level programming language. (Gr. 10-12)
  • Learners will have a defined workspace in which to print their reflective motif. They will have to measure and design their section of the feather in both the carpentry shop and in the Aspire software.
Creativity and Innovation
  • Remixes different existing digital content into something new. (Gr. 10-12)
  • Understands how meaning is produced through multimedia (text, images, audio, video) and how culture is produced through the Internet and social media in particular. (Gr. 10-12)
  • Learners will have to respect and attain permission to use any Indigenous symbology. 
  • Learners will have to design around the artifact, if used, to make sure that the representations of the symbol are used correctly.
Digital Citizenship
  • Understands the legal and ethical dimensions of respecting creative work. (Gr. 10-12) 
  • Distinguishes between taking inspiration from the creative work of others and appropriating that work without permission. (Gr. 10-12)
  • Learners using digital images will have to either design the images themselves or use creative commons licenced images. 
Communication and Collaboration 
  • Uses digital media to be part of a community. (Gr. 10-12) 
  • Makes valuable contributions to the public knowledge domain (e.g. wikis, public forums, reviews). (Gr. 10-12)
  • Is familiar with the meaning of terms commonly used in user manuals for the operation of hardware and the installation and configuration of software. (Gr. 10-12) 
  • Troubleshoots systems and applications. (Gr. 10-12)
  • Has a reasonable knowledge of available technologies, their strengths and weaknesses, and is able to make informed decisions about whether and how to use technologies to pursue personal goals. (Gr. 10-12)
  • Learners will be using digital media to create a permanent community project, that will represent the growth of our knowledge of Truth and Reconciliation as a community.
  • Learners will have to troubleshoot both digital and technical issues that arise throughout the project.  
  • Learners will have to evaluate the proper tools, both digital and physical, to create their vision.
Technology Operations and Concepts
  • Solves a theoretical or practical problem, of individual or collective interest, through or with the support of digital tools. (Gr. 10-12) 
  • Solves technical problems and knows what to do when technology does not function. (Gr. 10-12)  
  • Transfers current knowledge to learning new technologies. (Gr. 10-12)
  • Learners will have to collaborate collectively and work in a unified manner using the tools prescribed. 

 

  • Learners can work around malfunctioning software and adapt by using similar yet different software.  
  • Learners will be required to use the base functions of computer literacy from one program to another.

Chart Co-Created by Deirdre Houghton, Gary Soles and Andrew Vogelsang following the BC Digital Literacy Framework as our guideline.

Conclusion: 

As an educator, I am excited to see the growth of my learners being able to learn new skills that will be connecting and crossing over into three very diverse course areas, including Social Studies -10, Visual Arts and Computer Technology – 10, and Carpentry 10. The digital literacy skills that I will be developing throughout my course work and project, and in turn, bringing to my classroom, will hopefully encourage my learners to continue to develop their own skills, and further empowerment for them to use their new knowledge and carry it forward in their learning journies.

The video below is a brief introduction and explanation of the Truth and Reconciliation wall art project that our students will be creating in our cross-curricular, co-teaching environment that will be employing a variety of digital literacy skills.

References 

References

BC Ministry of Education. (2015). Digital Literacy Frameworkhttps://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/kindergarten-to-grade-12/teach/teaching-tools/digital-literacy-framework.pdf

ISTE Standards. (n.d.). ISTE. https://www.iste.org/standards

The UBC Digital Literacy Framework. (n.d.). The BC Digital Literacy Framework. Scarfe Digital Sandbox. https://scarfedigitalsandbox.teach.educ.ubc.ca/the-bc-digital-literacy-framework/ 

By Deirdre Houghton

TOWARDS THE SUMMIT:  My Up-Hill Learning Journey Involving the Development and Implementation of Digital Literacies – EDCI 572 Blog Reflection #1

INTRODUCTION:

(Photo By Eric Muhr – Unsplash)

Some of my greatest achievements involved pushing myself, both physically and mentally to the summit of various mountains.  Whether it be trail running, small hikes or multi-day hikes, I found myself forced to deal with various emotions, including initial excitement, nervousness, full-on trepidation, frustration, and finally exhilaration as I reached the summit ultimately conquering my goal. As I had time to reflect on our first meeting in EDCI-572, I realized that this course, and indeed the master’s program itself, are very much like working one’s way to the peak of a mountain, to me anyway. You start at the base and work hard to reach the top. It is the space between these two locational points where the learning process occurs; it is where my personal challenges involving questioning, gaining knowledge, developing new skills, and problem-solving will lead to the top of the mountain, or in this case, project completion with a wealth of new skills and understanding to be carried forward. 

DIGITAL LITERACIES & MY COMPETENCIES: 

Prior to our initial class meeting, I was very excited, much like the anticipation of going out for a trail run or hike. My knowledge of digital literacy, or “…the ability to use information and communication technologies to find, evaluate, create and communicate information requiring both cognitive and technical skills,” as described by the American Library Association’s Digital-Literacy Taskforce (Heitin, 2016, P. 1) is limited, suffice to say I am at the base of the mountain. Therefore, having the opportunity to gain more knowledge and learn new skills to incorporate into my teaching practice, thus enhancing and facilitating student learning, is both exciting and important to me. My repertoire of digital literacy competencies, to this point, includes WordPress, Twitter, PowerPoint, Prezi, Photostory, My Blueprint, YouTube and Kahoot

WordPress and Twitter were relatively new platforms to me, prior to starting my masters. Although I had taken some professional development workshops on these platforms, I rarely had time to play around with either and develop my skills. Now, having actually made time, and having the support to assist with my questions, has given me confidence in using both platforms and the interest in continuing to learn about them. Furthermore, I can see the relevance of them in terms of my teaching practices for communication purposes, such a class website or class-specific Twitter handle, to provide further information on a discussed topic and to promote student dialogue. PowerPoint, although often considered antiquated by some, can and still is highly effective. Personally, I find its user-friendly layout and the realm of additions that can be added to deliver and share, enables learners to easily and successfully prepare for a variety of learning activities. Prezi and PhotoStory are also digital literacy tools, similar to PowerPoint, and have provided my learners with a multitude of learning and sharing options that they can use to build repertoires, including, but not limited to, portfolios and subject/topic-specific presentations. 

My Blueprint is a digital tool that I use heavily within my Careers courses. This platform lines up very well with the course requirements for Career Life Exploration -10 and Career Life Connections 12 as set forth by the BC Ministry of Education. The program is very user-friendly and provides learners with a wealth of connections and support, including various post-secondary schools and training options, course requirements, identifying their knowledge skill set, motivations and personality in terms of their connections to careers. Furthermore, MyBlueprint can be used to create and store student portfolios. 

YouTube, as a digital literacy tool, provides a wealth of information, it is a visual library that enables learners, and even myself, to have quick access to gain an understanding of what, how, or why something exists, happens, or steps needed to complete a specific task. Furthermore, employing YouTube as a digital literacy tool provides the opportunity to teach learners about searching for reputable sources and if what they are viewing is actually true.

Lastly, Kahoot is a favourite amongst the learners in my class (and Andrew Vogelsang who comes over to compete). Learners enjoy the interactive gaming aspect when used as an introduction to a specific topic or as a review. All of the aforementioned digital literacy tools that I have adopted into my teaching practice are incorporated to provide learners with a variety of opportunities to develop their skills in communication, creation, research, and personal evaluation. Although I know that the digital tools I have implemented are a sound base, they have only taken me partway up the mountain. There is much more exploration, and learning of new skills to be done, regarding developing and implementing digital literacies into the curriculum to enhance my learners’ journey.

MY JOURNEY MOVING FORWARDS:

(Photo By Mathew Sleeper – Unsplash)

As I continue to climb towards the summit, I will be working on developing digital literacy skills needed to develop a documentary that Gary, Andrew and myself will be creating, and eventually adding to our final master’s project. Areas that the three of us will be incorporating into creating our documentary, include initial planning, storyboarding, recording, editing and producing the final cut. Through this process, I will have the opportunity to learn to use various pieces of recording and equipment, and how to make our documentary accessible in various formats. 

By: Deirdre Houghton

Reference:

Heitin, L. (2016, November 8). What Is Digital Literacy? Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2016/11/09/what-is-digital-literacy.html?printer=1